A BRIEF HISTORY
Late Stone age implements have been found in the Alamedin valley. Bronze age artifacts have been found within the city boundaries and there is archaeological evidence of early settlement in the area was by: the Saks — an iron age nomadic people herding livestock; the Usans — who combined nomadic herding with settled agriculture; the Turks — arriving from Siberia, they beat the Huns in a battle at Talas and established a Khanate; the Sogd — based on Samarkand and Bukhara, the Sogdians were Indo-European traders and farmers whose cities became centres on the Great Silk Road; the Samanids — a sedentary Muslim people; the Karakhanids (=«Black Khans») who established a capital at Balasugan (Burana — near Tokmok); the Mongols and Tartars — under Genghis Khan and the Kyrgyz themselves- first mentioned in Chinese chronicles in the 2nd century BC, they arrived from the upper Yenisei River Valley in the 10th century, became firmly established in the region by the 15th century.
There have been four major settlements on the site that
is now occupied by Bishkek: Jul —
6th-12th century; Pishpek — 1825—1926;
Frunze — 1926—1991;
Bishkek — 1991 to the present
Jul — A Sogdian city on the Great Silk Road —
6th-12th century. Although archaeological excavations have
recovered artifacts, all traces of this city have now
disappeared. A walled quadrangle, It occupied an area
between the modern streets Orozbekova, Lenigradskaya and Kirova.
A varied population included Zoroastianists, Buddhists,
Nestorian and Manichean Christians. The Mongols and Tartars
under Genghis Khan destroyed it.
Pishpek — one of 35 fortresses built in the
region by Khokand to extend control over the Chu
valley. Built in 1825, it occupied approximately
250 sq. m. It had high clay walls and two concentric
perimeters and contained living quarters, a guardhouse,
armoury, workshops, mosque and treasury. About 150 soldiers
were garrisoned here, and hostages of the local population
also lived here as a «peace pledge».
A settlement grew up around the fortress populated
mainly by Sarts, (Uzbeks). Conquered by a detachment
of 600 Russians from Vernoe, (present day Almaty)
in 1860 in a 7-day assault, it was
abandoned, although a stronger fortress was later built
by Kokand. In 1862, local Kyrgyz and Kazakh chiefs
appealed for Russian aid in overthrowing Kokand domination
and succeeded in destroying Pishpek once again. According
to local legend the commandant of the fortress was
invited to a feast and then he and his detachment
were killed on their return journey. A siege began
and with the help of 1400 Russian troops from Vernoe
and after 10 days of quite vigorous fighting the
fortress finally fell. In 1864 the site became an important
Cossack base and it became a regular relay point
for the imperial mail service. Increasing numbers of Russian
settlers began to arrive, mostly freed serfs, who enjoyed
tax breaks, cash incentives and free wood to help build
new homes. At this time the Russians administered the
region from their base at Tokmok, but a flood in Tokmok
1877, led to the adoption of a plan to develop
Pishpek. Army engineers planned a rectangular grid of streets,
which survives to this day and was elaborated in the
Soviet period. The city occupied the area between the modern
streets Jibek Joly, Togolok-Moldo, Engels and the Alamedin
River — an area of about 5 sq. km. In
the first official census in 1882, there were 2135 inhabitants,
mostly Sarts, Tartars, Dungans, Russians and Ukranians —
there were 6 Kyrgyz. The Dungans were probably refugees
from the Uprising in Xinjiang — given subsidies
by the authorities and assigned a plot of land
to the West of the town rubbish dump. By the
end of the century there were over 752 houses, mostly
simple thatched roofed brick shacks, two schools (for Europeans),
one three-bed hospital, and a small industrial sector
with flourmills and leather works. The city elected its first
mayor in 1895 — Ilya Terentev. By 1914 the
city was home to some 20,000 inhabitants. There
was a cinema, a newspaper, two orthodox churches,
several mosques, a Russian high school for boys, a horticultural
school as well as several other schools for the
local population, a brewery, a distillery, flour
mills and other small plants and at least one automobile.
(The brewery made 10 times more money than the other
18 enterprises combined). There were over 500 shops,
a weekly market and an annual fair. A new one
with 14 beds had replaced the hospital, the ambulance
was a sledge pulled by a camel. In the
uprising of 1916 — Pishpek was left alone although
neighbouring villages were raided.
After a New Year's party on 1st January 1918, a group
of Bolsheviks armed themselves and «arrested»
the garrison command, releasing the prisoners held in the
local jail. Over the next few months, they established control
over the region, but in December they faced a counter-revolution.
In the village of Belovodsk, about 30km west of Bishkek,
the post office was seized by a curious group of anti-Bolsheviks
who managed to take control of large parts of both
Pishkek and Djambul regions. Within a week they were
marching on Pishkek itself. The battle for the city lasted
8 days, but the defenders (commanded by Logvinenko —
who hurried here with reinforcements from Almaty) —
managed to overcome the attackers and the counter-revolution
was defeated. The soldiers who died in the fight defending
the revolution were buried and a memorial erected in Oak
Park, near where the Russian Theatre now stands. Logvinenko
became a hero and had a street named after him.
(When he died in the 1930 he joined the
«Martyrs» in their communal grave). This
ended the counter revolution in the North of the
country, but during the civil war the Bolsheviks were threatened
by the Basmachi movement which even «liberated»,
for a time, the Parmir district in the South.
In 1924 Pishpek became the political and administrative centre of the Kyrgyz Autonomous Region.
Frunze — The city was named in honour of MV Frunze,
a famous Communist leader and Soviet hero who was born
in the city then called Pishpek in 1885 —
the son of a Moldovian doctor«s assistant.
His statue stands opposite the railway station at the
top of Prospect Erkindik — and there is a museum
dedicated to him on Frunze Street. In the museum
a small house is preserved that, so it is claimed,
is the one in which he was born (although it is now
thought that they preserved the wrong one!). After a tempestuous
youth in Moscow, (and numerous arrests for revolutionary
activity), he ended up commanding the Red Guards
who occupied the Kremlin in October 1917. He was
a major character in the Civil War directing the
defeat of the White Army in Siberia and the campaign
in the Caucasus. Frunze led the Bolshevik forces that
seized Khiva and Bukhara after the uprising of 1920,
and pushed the Basmachi rebels out of the Ferghana valley.
He replaced Trotsky as Commissar for War, introduced
compulsory universal conscription and helped shape the Red
Army into a formidable force. After Lenin»s death
he survived several mysterious car accidents, but in 1925 he was
told he was ill and that he had to undergo
a stomach operation — not by a doctor
but by the Central Presidium! He died as a result
of the Operation.
Faced with the disastrous winter of 1921, Lenin issued a appeal to the workers of the world to come and help build Socialism. A group of Czech socialists answered the call and arrived by train 1925. They built themselves workshops and a small village (Rabochy Gorodok = The worker«s village), which still exists. They then set about constructing schools, hospitals, the town»s first bank, government house and other major public works.
The population did not escape the repression of the Stalinist regime. A short distance outside the city is Chon Tash — now a popular tourist resort for people from the city. 1991 saw the televised excavation of a mass grave of some of the victims of Stalinist repression. Diggers discovered a 4×4 × 4 chamber, 40 cm below ground, containing some 137 (or 138 according to some sources) skeletons, some complete with personal effects/papers — It is thought that the entire Supreme Soviet Central Committee of the Republic of 1937 — plus a few other important individuals including Torokul Aitmatov (father of the Kyrgyz author Chinghiz Aitmatov) were murdered here by the KGB over two nights. The bodies have since been moved 100m to the «Ata Beyit» cemetery («The cemetery of the fathers»). Chinghiz Aitmatov paid for the transfer. The discovery was made because, although the KGB swore the caretaker to secrecy, he told his daughter on his deathbed in the 1980s. After independence she came forward to tell the story.
During WWII — Frunze developed as a major city. Several key factories, (including the Lenin works on Prospect Mira) were evacuated to the city away from the approaching German armies. Whole populations of Russian Germans and Koreans were forcibly repatriated here. Kyrgyz soldiers fought in the Red Army and number some 7 «Heroes of the Soviet Union» among their ranks. Busts of these heroes can be found on Molodiya Gvardia (Avenue of the Young Guards).
Following the war there was a planned expansion of the city with the development of the micro regions (like suburbs) with numerous apartment blocks being built, and many public buildings. During the 1970«s and 1980»s there was again a massive building progamme and many of the impressive, white marble faced government and public buildings were erected.
In 1967, Bishkek saw one of the rare popular «uprisings» of the Soviet period. The central market at that time was on the site now occupied by Victory Park. A group of policemen on patrol stopped and beat unconscious a drunken soldier. Shoppers, believing the soldier to be dead turned upon the police, encircling them — and a riot ensued. The city«s main police headquarters were actually stormed and ransacked, and others were attacked. Patrolmen were dragged from their cars. A mass demonstration led to a march on the KGB headquarters, which was broken up by troops.
Bishkek — The city was renamed Bishkek in April
1991. There are several versions of what the name means —
but the most common version is that is from the
name of an implement used by Kyrgyz women to beat
milk in a churn to make kumiz (a fermented
drink made from mare"s milk). There is a legend
that the Khan»s wife forgot her bishkek and as it was
very precious, being studded with jewels, the khan was very
angry and sent 40 men to search for it. Unable
to find it, and afraid to return —
they settled down to a life in exile and called
their encampment Bishkek. Another legend refers to five
knights who found the land so beautiful the fought over
it. In the Kyrgyz language «Besh» means
five and «kek» means «chief». A third
links the name to the grave of a busy craftsman
whose nickname was «Bishbek» — because
he was always busy, like a Bishkek making Kumiz.
Yet another links it to the Kazakh words «Bes
biik» which means «five peaks». The «official»
version recorded in the «Atlas of the Kirghiz
SSR» — suggests that it is a corruption
of the ancient Sogdian term pishagakh — which
means «place below the mountains»
The city saw troops moved onto the streets between the city and the airport hours before the August 1991 coup in Moscow. No one seems certain who ordered them to marshall there. On the day regular television and radio programmes were replaced by broadcasts of Swan Lake, and eventually President Askar Akaev announced to the nation what had happened.
The city continues to grow and develop. The skyline sees new building designs (in an «individualistic» style), which are a deliberate break with the Soviet Block architectural style. New, western style, café and shop fronts have been erected, in summer time a large number of open-air cafes appear in the parks and on streets, advertising hoardings have spring up and the volume of traffic has grown. In short — Bishkek is developing into a modern, western style city.
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